Selection and placement of volumes in a storage system using stripes

ABSTRACT

Provided are a computer program product, system, and method for determining the location for volumes of data being initially stored within a storage space, regardless of the physical location of the data. The storage space includes stripes composed of volumes, which can be logically represented as a utilization histogram of stripe locations offset from one another. Sometime the stripes are fully allocated with one large volume or partially allocated with multiple, arbitrary-sized smaller volumes. When there are multiple smaller volumes that do not utilize all of the available stripe space, gaps form. To minimize the creation of such gaps, when a volume of data is initially stored, a start location to place the volume of data is selected by using selection criteria as guidance.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to a computer program product, system, andmethod for the initial selection and placement of volumes in a storagesystem using stripes.

2. Description of the Related Art

In software-defined computing (SDC), a computing infrastructure isvirtualized and delivered as a service. For example, in asoftware-defined storage (SDS) system, storage hardware is separatedfrom software that manages the storage infrastructure. In SDS, thesoftware managing a software-defined storage environment may alsoprovide policy management for features such as de-duplication,replication, snapshots and backup. In such a computing infrastructure,requests to add data may result in volumes of data being placed atvarious locations in the storage portion of the infrastructure,potentially fragmenting the storage portion. Fragmented data isdifficult to consolidate as time progresses. There is a need in the artfor improved techniques for maximizing SDS system utilization withoutburdening the system with extra processing during system operation tominimize fragmentation in the storage portion of the infrastructure.

SUMMARY

Provided are a computer program product, system, and method for managingstorage volumes of a storage system. They include a process fordetermining, by a volume placement module, a start location for placinga storage volume in the storage system. Further, the storage systemincludes at least one storage device and also includes a process forselecting, by the volume placement module, a location among more thanone start location to optimize the utilization of allocated storagespace of the at least one storage device, such that the selectionincludes evaluating selection criteria based on a current volumeallocation within the storage space of the at least one storage device.

In a system for managing storage volumes of a storage system, the systemincludes a processor and a memory for executing processes of a managermodule. The manager module determines at least one start location forplacing a storage volume in the storage system, such that the storagesystem includes at least one storage device. The manager module alsoselects a start location to optimize the utilization of allocatedstorage space of the at least one storage device, such that theselection includes evaluating selection criteria based on a currentvolume allocation within the storage space of the at least one storagedevice.

In a method for managing storage volumes of a storage system, the systemincludes an operation for determining, by a volume placement module, atleast one start location for placing a storage volume in the storagesystem, such that the storage system includes at least one storagedevice. A further operation includes selecting, by the volume placementmodule, a start location to optimize the utilization of allocatedstorage space of the at least one storage device. The selection includesevaluating selection criteria based on a current volume allocationwithin the storage space of the at least one storage device

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram that schematically illustrates a storagesystem comprising a storage controller having multiple modulesconfigured to place storage volumes for management by a software definedcomputing system, in accordance with an embodiment of the presentinvention;

FIG. 2 is a diagram that schematically illustrates a module configuredto provide management services for the software defined computingsystem, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 3A is a diagram that schematically illustrates logical placement ofa volume within a utilization histogram for the software definedcomputing system, in accordance with an embodiment of the presentinvention;

FIG. 3B is a diagram that schematically illustrates improved logicalplacement of a volume within a utilization histogram for the softwaredefined computing system, in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent invention;

FIG. 3C is a diagram that schematically illustrates optimal logicalplacement of a volume within a utilization histogram for the softwaredefined computing system, in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent invention;

FIG. 4 is a flow diagram that schematically illustrates a method ofoptimally placing a storage volume at an optimal location for thesoftware defined computing system, in accordance with an embodiment ofthe preset invention; and

FIG. 5 illustrates a computing environment in which the components ofFIGS. 1 and 2 may be implemented.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Many Storage Area Network (SAN) products (both storage arrays andsoftware defined storage), scale-out Network-Attached Storage (NAS)solutions, or object-based storage solutions, use a grid architecture. Afundamental property of these architectures is that they attempt tostripe user volumes across many physical storage devices dispersed inthe grid architecture. Described embodiments provide techniques fordetermining the starting location for volumes of data being initiallystored within a storage space, regardless of the physical location ofthe data. The storage space includes stripes composed of volumes, whichcan be logically represented as a utilization histogram of stripelocations offset from one another. Sometime the stripes are fullyallocated with one large volume or partially allocated with multiple,arbitrary-sized smaller volumes.

However, when there are multiple smaller volumes that do not utilize allof the available stripe space, gaps form. To minimize the creation ofsuch gaps, when a volume of data is initially stored, an embodiment ofthe invention determines the best (at that point in time), or as nearoptimal as possible, location to place the volume of data. Embodimentsof the invention use selection criteria as guidance when examining theutilization histogram. Selection criteria includes (1) preventing peaksof storage blocks in the stripe utilization histogram, thus minimizingthe creation of deep valleys of gaps, (2) leveling the stripes, orreducing the number of stripe edges, further decreasing gaps, and (3)trying to fill the lowest open gap in a stripe utilization histogram,thus filling the oldest gaps.

The problem of minimizing gaps, if not handled at the start of placing avolume in storage, is that non-contiguous volumes with gaps in-betweenthem require cleaning up/defragmenting at a later time. While naively itis possible to place the start of a new volume where the last volumeended, volume resizes, deletions, and volume movement create gaps duringnormal storage system operation. Accordingly, it is advantageous thatthese gaps are filled using embodiments of the present invention, whichmaximizes storage utilization, while avoiding the computer processingoverhead of moving previously stored volumes at a later time, to reducethe gaps. It should be appreciated that embodiments of the presentinvention can be practiced in any storage system architecture, such as asoftware-defined storage (SDS) system, SAN, clustered NAS, and astandalone storage system, among others, without departing from thescope of the invention described herein.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram that schematically illustrates a storagesystem comprising a storage controller having multiple modulesconfigured to place storage volumes for management by a software definedcomputing system, in accordance with an embodiment of the presentinvention. Specifically, FIG. 1 is a block diagram that schematicallyillustrates a data processing storage subsystem 20 of a grid storagesystem. The particular subsystem (also referred to herein as a storagesystem) shown in FIG. 1 is presented to facilitate an explanation of theinvention. However, as the skilled artisan will appreciate, theinvention can be practiced using other computing environments, such asother storage subsystems with diverse architectures and capabilities.For example, other implementations incorporating the invention include anon-software-defined computing (SDC) computing infrastructure, such as acluster of non-virtualized storage system nodes.

Storage subsystem 20 receives, from one or more host computers 22,input/output (I/O) requests, which are commands to read or write data atlogical addresses on logical volumes. Any number of host computers 22are coupled to storage subsystem 20 by any means known in the art, forexample, using a network. Using the network, any host computer 22 cancommunicate a request to add a new volume to the storage subsystem 20.Herein, by way of example, host computers 22 and storage subsystem 20are assumed to be coupled by a Storage Area Network (SAN) 26incorporating data connections 24 and Host Bus Adapters (HBAs) 28. Thelogical addresses specify a range of data blocks within a logicalvolume, each block herein being assumed by way of example to contain 512bytes. For example, a 10 KB data record used in a data processingapplication on a given host computer 22 would require 20 blocks, whichthe given host computer might specify as being stored at a logicaladdress comprising blocks 1,000 through 1,019 of a logical volume.Storage subsystem 20 may operate in, or as, a SAN system. It should beappreciated that unified storage systems storing data blocks and/orfiles are also contemplated in other embodiments of the presentinvention.

Storage subsystem 20 comprises a clustered storage controller 34 coupledbetween SAN 26 and a private network 46 using data connections 30 and44, respectively, and incorporating adapters 32 and 42, againrespectively. In some configurations, adapters 32 and 42 may comprisehost bus adapters (HBAs). Clustered storage controller 34 implementsclusters of storage modules 36, each of which includes a processor 52,an interface 38 (in communication between adapters 32 and 42), a manager39, and a cache 40. Each storage module 36 is responsible for a numberof storage devices 50 by way of a data connection 48 as shown. Inembodiments of the present invention, the manager 39 includes at leastone logical module that determines where to initially place volumesafter implementing the selection criteria previously described.

Each storage module 36 further comprises a given cache 40. However, itwill be appreciated that the number of caches 40 used in storagesubsystem 20 and in conjunction with clustered storage controller 34 maybe any convenient number. While all caches 40 in storage subsystem 20may operate in substantially the same manner and comprise substantiallysimilar elements, this is not a requirement. Each of the caches 40 maybe approximately equal in size and is assumed to be coupled, by way ofexample, in a one-to-one correspondence with a set of physical storagedevices 50, which may comprise disks. In one embodiment, physicalstorage devices may comprise such disks. Those skilled in the art willbe able to adapt the description herein to caches of different sizes.

Each set of storage devices 50 comprises multiple slow and/or fastaccess time mass storage devices, herein below assumed to be multiplehard disks. FIG. 1 shows caches 40 coupled to respective sets of storagedevices 50. In some configurations, the sets of storage devices 50comprise one or more hard disks, or solid state drives (SSDs) which canhave different performance characteristics. In response to an I/Ocommand, a given cache 40, by way of example, may read or write data ataddressable physical locations of a given storage device 50. In theembodiment shown in FIG. 1, caches 40 are able to exercise certaincontrol functions over storage devices 50. These control functions mayalternatively be realized by hardware devices such as disk controllers(not shown), which are linked to caches 40.

Each storage module 36 is operative to monitor its state, including thestates of associated caches 40, and to transmit configurationinformation to other components of storage subsystem 20 for example,configuration changes that result in blocking intervals, or limit therate at which I/O requests for the sets of physical storage areaccepted.

Routing of commands and data from HBAs 28 to clustered storagecontroller 34 and to each cache 40 may be performed over a networkand/or a switch. Herein, by way of example, HBAs 28 may be coupled tostorage modules 36 by at least one switch (not shown) of SAN 26, whichcan be of any known type having a digital cross-connect function.Additionally or alternatively, HBAs 28 may be coupled to storage modules36.

In some embodiments, data having contiguous logical addresses can bedistributed among modules 36, and within the storage devices in each ofthe modules. Alternatively, the data can be distributed using otheralgorithms, e.g., byte or block interleaving. In general, this increasesbandwidth, for instance, by allowing a volume in a SAN or a file innetwork attached storage to be read from or written to more than onegiven storage device 50 at a time. However, this technique requirescoordination among the various storage devices, and in practice mayrequire complex provisions for any failure of the storage devices, and astrategy for dealing with error checking information, e.g., a techniquefor storing parity information relating to distributed data. Indeed,when logical unit partitions are distributed in sufficiently smallgranularity, data associated with a single logical unit may span all ofthe storage devices 50.

While such hardware is not explicitly shown for purposes of illustrativesimplicity, clustered storage controller 34 may be adapted forimplementation in conjunction with certain hardware, such as a rackmount system, a midplane, and/or a backplane. Indeed, private network 46in one embodiment may be implemented using a backplane. Additionalhardware such as the aforementioned switches, processors, controllers,memory devices, and the like may also be incorporated into clusteredstorage controller 34 and elsewhere within storage subsystem 20, againas the skilled artisan will appreciate. Further, a variety of softwarecomponents, operating systems, firmware, and the like may be integratedinto one storage subsystem 20.

Storage devices 50 may comprise a combination of high capacity hard diskdrives and solid state disk drives. In some embodiments each of storagedevices 50 may comprise a logical storage device. In storage systemsimplementing the Small Computer System Interface (SCSI) protocol, thelogical storage devices may be referred to as logical units, or LUNs.While each LUN can be addressed as a single logical unit, the LUN maycomprise a combination of high capacity hard disk drives and/or solidstate disk drives.

While the configuration in FIG. 1 shows storage controller 34 comprisingthree modules 36 and each of the modules coupled to four storage devices50, a given storage controller 34 comprising any multiple of modules 36coupled to any plurality of storage devices 50 is considered to be withthe spirit and scope of the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a diagram that schematically illustrates a module configuredto provide management services for the software defined computingsystem, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.Specifically, the diagram schematically illustrates a module 36configured to execute the manager 39 that enables the selection of aninitial starting location to place a volume of data. In addition toprocessor 52, module 36 comprises a memory 66 that stores a hypervisorthat the processor executes in order to create and manage virtualmachine 64 that is also stored in memory 66. In the configuration shownin FIG. 2, storage service virtual machine 64 comprises a serviceoperating system 70, cache 40, manager 39, and interface 38. It shouldbe appreciated by those skilled in the art that any type of hypervisorprovided by any vendor for managing virtual machines is contemplated byembodiments of the invention. In operation, virtual machine 64 can beconfigured as a “light weight” virtual machine that is eitherpre-deployed or deployed when needed by hypervisor 68.

When a request is made to initially store data, the virtual machine 64receiving the request organizes the data into a new volume. The newvolume can be represented as blocks of data, as previously describedwith respect to FIG. 1. Next, the manager 39 of the virtual machine 64analyzes the state of the allocated and available storage space. Thisstate is logically represented by a histogram, which representsnumerically at a point in time of new volume allocation, the utilizedportions of the storage space within stripes. A stripe may include oneor more volumes of various sizes. In an embodiment of the presentinvention, the stripe may be fixed, such as being 100 GB in size. Thestripe may also be larger or smaller. Regardless of the stripe size, avolume may have a small size, such as 10 GB. If only one volume isallocated within a single stripe, then 90 GB of storage is leftunallocated and a 90 GB gap appears.

Accordingly, a utilization histogram shows the locations of previouslyallocated stripes. The utilization histogram also includes the locationsof the gaps that have developed. The manager 39 analyzes all availablestarting locations for the new volume and selects the best startinglocation for the new volume using one or more of the selection criteriapreviously described. Finally, the utilization histogram also shows aslice, which is a vertical representation of blocks of data. Thecomponent blocks of the slice can exist in one or more stripes (thehorizontal representation of blocks).

FIG. 3A is a diagram that schematically illustrates logical placement ofa volume within a utilization histogram for the software definedcomputing system, in accordance with an embodiment of the presentinvention. It should be appreciated that the utilization histogramsillustrated herein are examples, which can vary for otherimplementations incorporating the present invention. A new volume 310,composed of a partition of five blocks of data (B1 through B5), is shownas an example. Those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that avolume can have any number of blocks, or groups of data. For example,files can be grouped in volumes and grouped in blocks. In a utilizationhistogram 320 of FIG. 3A, a stripe size can be eight blocks long. Thus,at the lowest level (bottom-most, row 1) of the utilization histogram320, stripe-1 from offset location 0 through 7, is filled with blocks.Stripe-2 from offset location 8-15, is filled with data blocks.Stripe-3, also filled with data blocks, starts at offset location 16(row 1) and wraps upward to the next higher row, from offset location 0though 6 (row 2). Thus, the stripes are logically offset from oneanother in a contiguous fashion from bottom to top and left to right ina circular path.

Specifically, in FIG. 3A, the utilization histogram 320 illustrates thelogical allocation of the previously allocated data blocks within theslices and the current gaps. The manager module from FIGS. 1 and 2maintains, or creates as needed, the utilization histogram 320 andupdates the utilization histogram 320 after adding new volumes. If themanager chooses the first possible starting location at offset location0, highest empty row (at row 4), to place data block B1 (whilemaintaining data block continuity), then subsequently, the managerchooses the starting offset location at offset location 1 for data blockB2, offset location 2 for data block B3, and offset location 3 for datablocks B4 and B5. Being opportunistic, the manager easily selectedoffset location 0 (row 4) as the first available space to start addingthe new volume 310. However, the gaps starting at offset location 5 (row3), offset location 6 (row 2), and offset location 12 (rows 2 and 3)continue to exist. Also, if placed in this starting location, the newvolume addition would increase the maximum slice utilization to 4blocks, in slices 0 and 2.

If instead, the manager considers selection criteria of (1) preventingpeaks of storage blocks in the stripe utilization histogram, thusminimizing the creation of deep valleys of gaps, (2) leveling thestripes, or reducing the number of stripe edges, further decreasinggaps, and (3) trying to fill the lowest open gap in a stripe utilizationhistogram, thus filling the oldest gaps, another starting offsetlocation can be chosen to minimize gaps.

FIG. 3B is a diagram that schematically illustrates improved logicalplacement of the new volume 310 within a utilization histogram 330 forthe software defined computing system, in accordance with an embodimentof the present invention. Specifically, the manager examines all thepossible starting offset locations, including offset location 0 (row 4),offset location 1 (row 3), offset location 2 (row 4), offset location 3(row 3), offset location 6 (row 2), offset location 10 (row 4), offsetlocation 12 (row 2) and offset location 13 (row 4). The managerdetermines a value for each selection criteria, aggregates the valuesinto a score, and chooses the highest score corresponding to the bestpossible starting offset location. For example, values for one selectioncriteria, such as preventing peaks of storage blocks in the utilizationhistogram, yields a low value for offset locations 0, 2, 10, and 13because they all begin at row 4. Offset locations 8 and 12 yield thehighest values. It should be appreciated the values can be implementedin any fashion, such as lower row numbers having higher values within agiven value range. In this example, row 1 (bottom-most) can have a valueof 4 while row 4 may have a value of 1. Those of ordinary skill in theart will recognize that any other valuation method can be used withoutdeparting from the spirit of the present invention.

Now, considering the other selection criteria of reducing the number ofstripe edges and trying to fill the lowest, oldest open gap in a stripeutilization histogram, values can also be assigned for each possiblestarting offset location. A stripe edge is any falling edge such asillustrated in FIG. 3B from offset location 0 (row 4) to offset location1 (row 3) and a rising edge from offset location 1 (row 3) to offsetlocation 2 (row 4). The oldest gaps start at offset locations 8 and 12at row 2. If offset location 1 (row 3) is selected for data block B1(not shown), the subsequent data block B2 will be placed at offsetlocation 2 (row 4), thus creating a peak and more edges. To minimizeedges and reduce peaks, the manager chooses offset location 3 (row 3) asthe starting offset location for data block B1. Consequently, datablocks B2 and B3 are placed at the same row as data block B1 and datablock B4 is placed at offset location 6, thereby reducing two edges. Thefirst reduced falling edge is from offset location 2 to offset location3 and the second reduced falling edge is from offset location 5 tooffset location 6.

Although it is possible to use none or some of the selection criteria,the near optimal result for reducing gaps when initially storing a newvolume is shown in FIG. 3C. Specifically, FIG. 3C is a diagram thatschematically illustrates optimal, or near optimal logical placement ofthe new volume 310 within a utilization histogram 330 for the softwaredefined computing system, in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent invention. By also accounting for trying to fill the lowestgaps, the manager now chooses starting offset location 5, row 3 for datablock B1, and filling the lowest gap from offset locations 6 through 9on row 2 with data blocks B2 through B5, respectively.

FIG. 4 is a flow diagram that schematically illustrates a method ofoptimally placing a storage volume at an optimal location for thesoftware defined computing system, in accordance with an embodiment ofthe preset invention. In particular, in a method implemented by softwareor firmware, the manager includes a volume placement module. The volumeplacement module can operate dynamically during system runtime orinitiate as needed, such as when a new volume needs to be allocated to astorage space. Upon receipt of a request to add a new volume, the volumeplacement module at operation 400 calculates a utilization histogrambased on already present volumes. In other embodiments, the utilizationhistogram can pre-exist and illustrate the current state of the presentvolumes, this obviating the need for a calculation. In operation 410,the volume placement module, for each possible starting position in thehistogram, determines a score for placement of a new volume.

Formally, to describe the selection criteria with respect to determiningthe scores, the already provisioned capacity of the storage system canbe represented as a histogram over all the slices of the storage system.For the fixed number of slices N, the numbers h₁, . . . , h_(N)represent the total number of units in each slice provisioned to volumesin the system. If a volume of size s (in slice units) is added to thishistogram at start slice b, then slices in the cyclic range (b, (b+s)mod N) are increased by ceil(s/N), while all other slices are increasedby floor(s/N). When calculating the score, the selection criteria arealso described formally as goals of the scoring algorithm.

The new volume allocation should avoid increasing the most utilized, orleast free slice, even where such an allocation would increaseutilization of a very underutilized slice nearby. If f represents thenumber of units of free space in the most utilized slice, the goal is toavoid decreasing f, which is a top goal of one embodiment. Additionally,the new volume allocation should attempt to minimize the variance (peaksand valleys) displayed by of the histogram. Finally, the new volumeallocation should attempt to “close edges”, or at least reduce theirheight. Once again, formally, for the start slice b or end slice e,represent e=(s+b) mod N where e can be chosen such that the differenceh_(b)−h_(b-1) and/or h_(e)−h_(e-1) are reduced, then the scoringalgorithm should consider closing edges.

These three goals can conflict in discrete examples, so therefore, thevalues from analyzing the goals are normalized, weighted, and added upto a score. This score then measures the positive effect on thehistogram for given histogram H before the addition, b, the slice offsetof the new volume, and s, the size of the new volume. The methodexecuted by the volume placement module then compares the score for allN possible values of b, and chooses the value of b yielding the highestscore. The selection of b, which is the highest possible score, isperformed by the volume placement module in operation 420. Thereafter,in operation 430, the volume placement module, via the manager of FIGS.1 and 2, initiates volume placement at the selected starting locationand the process ends until a new volume storage request arrives forprocessing.

FIG. 5 illustrates a computing environment in which the components ofFIGS. 1 and 2 may be implemented. The present invention may be a system,a method, and/or a computer program product. The computer programproduct may include a computer readable storage medium (or media) havingcomputer readable program instructions thereon for causing a processorto carry out aspects of the present invention.

The computer readable storage medium can be a tangible device that canretain and store instructions for use by an instruction executiondevice. The computer readable storage medium may be, for example, but isnot limited to, an electronic storage device, a magnetic storage device,an optical storage device, an electromagnetic storage device, asemiconductor storage device, or any suitable combination of theforegoing. A non-exhaustive list of more specific examples of thecomputer readable storage medium includes the following: a portablecomputer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM), aread-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROMor Flash memory), a static random access memory (SRAM), a portablecompact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), a digital versatile disk (DVD),a memory stick, a floppy disk, a mechanically encoded device such aspunch-cards or raised structures in a groove having instructionsrecorded thereon, and any suitable combination of the foregoing. Acomputer readable storage medium, as used herein, is not to be construedas being transitory signals per se, such as radio waves or other freelypropagating electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic waves propagatingthrough a waveguide or other transmission media (e.g., light pulsespassing through a fiber-optic cable), or electrical signals transmittedthrough a wire.

Computer readable program instructions described herein can bedownloaded to respective computing/processing devices from a computerreadable storage medium or to an external computer or external storagedevice via a network, for example, the Internet, a local area network, awide area network and/or a wireless network. The network may comprisecopper transmission cables, optical transmission fibers, wirelesstransmission, routers, firewalls, switches, gateway computers and/oredge servers. A network adapter card or network interface in eachcomputing/processing device receives computer readable programinstructions from the network and forwards the computer readable programinstructions for storage in a computer readable storage medium withinthe respective computing/processing device.

Computer readable program instructions for carrying out operations ofthe present invention may be assembler instructions,instruction-set-architecture (ISA) instructions, machine instructions,machine dependent instructions, microcode, firmware instructions,state-setting data, or either source code or object code written in anycombination of one or more programming languages, including an objectoriented programming language such as Java, Smalltalk, C++ or the like,and conventional procedural programming languages, such as the “C”programming language or similar programming languages. The computerreadable program instructions may execute entirely on the user'scomputer, partly on the user's computer, as a stand-alone softwarepackage, partly on the user's computer and partly on a remote computeror entirely on the remote computer or server. In the latter scenario,the remote computer may be connected to the user's computer through anytype of network, including a local area network (LAN) or a wide areanetwork (WAN), or the connection may be made to an external computer(for example, through the Internet using an Internet Service Provider).In some embodiments, electronic circuitry including, for example,programmable logic circuitry, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGA), orprogrammable logic arrays (PLA) may execute the computer readableprogram instructions by utilizing state information of the computerreadable program instructions to personalize the electronic circuitry,in order to perform aspects of the present invention.

Aspects of the present invention are described herein with reference toflowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus(systems), and computer program products according to embodiments of theinvention. It will be understood that each block of the flowchartillustrations and/or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in theflowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, can be implemented bycomputer readable program instructions.

These computer readable program instructions may be provided to aprocessor of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, orother programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, suchthat the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computeror other programmable data processing apparatus, create means forimplementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or blockdiagram block or blocks. These computer readable program instructionsmay also be stored in a computer readable storage medium that can directa computer, a programmable data processing apparatus, and/or otherdevices to function in a particular manner, such that the computerreadable storage medium having instructions stored therein comprises anarticle of manufacture including instructions which implement aspects ofthe function/act specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram blockor blocks.

The computer readable program instructions may also be loaded onto acomputer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other deviceto cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer,other programmable apparatus or other device to produce a computerimplemented process, such that the instructions which execute on thecomputer, other programmable apparatus, or other device implement thefunctions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block orblocks.

The flowchart and block diagrams in the Figures illustrate thearchitecture, functionality, and operation of possible implementationsof systems, methods, and computer program products according to variousembodiments of the present invention. In this regard, each block in theflowchart or block diagrams may represent a module, segment, or portionof instructions, which comprises one or more executable instructions forimplementing the specified logical function(s). In some alternativeimplementations, the functions noted in the block may occur out of theorder noted in the figures. For example, two blocks shown in successionmay, in fact, be executed substantially concurrently, or the blocks maysometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon thefunctionality involved. It will also be noted that each block of theblock diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, and combinations of blocksin the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, can be implementedby special purpose hardware-based systems that perform the specifiedfunctions or acts or carry out combinations of special purpose hardwareand computer instructions.

The letter designators, such as i and n, used to designate a number ofinstances of an element may indicate a variable number of instances ofthat element when used with the same or different elements.

The computational components of FIGS. 1 and 2 may be implemented in oneor more computer systems, such as the computer system 502 shown in FIG.5. Computer system/server 502 may be described in the general context ofcomputer system executable instructions, such as program modules, beingexecuted by a computer system. Generally, program modules may includeroutines, programs, objects, components, logic, data structures, and soon that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract datatypes. Computer system/server 502 may be practiced in distributed cloudcomputing environments where tasks are performed by remote processingdevices that are linked through a communications network. In adistributed cloud computing environment, program modules may be locatedin both local and remote computer system storage media including memorystorage devices.

As shown in FIG. 5, the computer system/server 502 is shown in the formof a general-purpose computing device. The components of computersystem/server 502 may include, but are not limited to, one or moreprocessors or processing units 504, a system memory 506, and a bus 508that couples various system components including system memory 506 toprocessor 504. Bus 508 represents one or more of any of several types ofbus structures, including a memory bus or memory controller, aperipheral bus, an accelerated graphics port, and a processor or localbus using any of a variety of bus architectures. By way of example, andnot limitation, such architectures include Industry StandardArchitecture (ISA) bus, Micro Channel Architecture (MCA) bus, EnhancedISA (EISA) bus, Video Electronics Standards Association (VESA) localbus, and Peripheral Component Interconnects (PCI) bus.

Computer system/server 502 typically includes a variety of computersystem readable media. Such media may be any available media that isaccessible by computer system/server 502, and it includes both volatileand non-volatile media, removable and non-removable media.

System memory 506 can include computer system readable media in the formof volatile memory, such as random access memory (RAM) 510 and/or cachememory 512. It should be appreciated that RAM may be implemented asDynamic RAM (DRAM), Static DRAM (SDRAM), storage-class memory (SCM),Phase Change Memory (PCM), resistive random access memory (RRAM), spintransfer torque memory (STM-RAM), conductive bridging RAM (CBRAM), etc.

Computer system/server 502 may further include otherremovable/non-removable, volatile/non-volatile computer system storagemedia. By way of example only, storage system 513 can be provided forreading from and writing to a non-removable, non-volatile magnetic media(not shown and typically called a “hard drive”). Although not shown, amagnetic disk drive for reading from and writing to a removable,non-volatile magnetic disk (e.g., a “floppy disk”), and an optical diskdrive for reading from or writing to a removable, non-volatile opticaldisk such as a CD-ROM, DVD-ROM or other optical media can be provided.In such instances, each can be connected to bus 508 by one or more datamedia interfaces. As will be further depicted and described below,memory 506 may include at least one program product having a set (e.g.,at least one) of program modules that are configured to carry out thefunctions of embodiments of the invention.

Program/utility 514, having a set (at least one) of program modules 516,may be stored in memory 506 by way of example, and not limitation, aswell as an operating system, one or more application programs, otherprogram modules, and program data. Each of the operating system, one ormore application programs, other program modules, and program data orsome combination thereof, may include an implementation of a networkingenvironment. The components of the computer 502 may be implemented asprogram modules 516 which generally carry out the functions and/ormethodologies of embodiments of the invention as described herein. Thesystems of FIG. 1 may be implemented in one or more computer systems502, where if they are implemented in multiple computer systems 502,then the computer systems may communicate over a network.

Computer system/server 502 may also communicate with one or moreexternal devices 518 such as a keyboard, a pointing device, a display520, etc.; one or more devices that enable a user to interact withcomputer system/server 502; and/or any devices (e.g., network card,modem, etc.) that enable computer system/server 502 to communicate withone or more other computing devices. Such communication can occur viaInput/Output (I/O) interfaces 522. Still yet, computer system/server 502can communicate with one or more networks such as a local area network(LAN), a general wide area network (WAN), and/or a public network (e.g.,the Internet) via network adapter 524. As depicted, network adapter 524communicates with the other components of computer system/server 502 viabus 508. It should be understood that although not shown, other hardwareand/or software components may be used in conjunction with computersystem/server 502. Examples, include, but are not limited to: microcode,device drivers, redundant processing units, external disk drive arrays,RAID systems, tape drives, and data archival storage systems, etc.

The terms “an embodiment”, “embodiment”, “embodiments”, “theembodiment”, “the embodiments”, “one or more embodiments”, “someembodiments”, and “one embodiment” mean “one or more (but not all)embodiments of the present invention(s)” unless expressly specifiedotherwise.

The terms “including”, “comprising”, “having” and variations thereofmean “including but not limited to”, unless expressly specifiedotherwise.

The enumerated listing of items does not imply that any or all of theitems are mutually exclusive, unless expressly specified otherwise.

The terms “a”, “an” and “the” mean “one or more”, unless expresslyspecified otherwise.

Devices that are in communication with each other need not be incontinuous communication with each other, unless expressly specifiedotherwise. In addition, devices that are in communication with eachother may communicate directly or indirectly through one or moreintermediaries.

A description of an embodiment with several components in communicationwith each other does not imply that all such components are required. Onthe contrary a variety of optional components are described toillustrate the wide variety of possible embodiments of the presentinvention.

When a single device or article is described herein, it will be readilyapparent that more than one device/article (whether or not theycooperate) may be used in place of a single device/article. Similarly,where more than one device or article is described herein (whether ornot they cooperate), it will be readily apparent that a singledevice/article may be used in place of the more than one device orarticle or a different number of devices/articles may be used instead ofthe shown number of devices or programs. The functionality and/or thefeatures of a device may be alternatively embodied by one or more otherdevices, which are not explicitly described as having suchfunctionality/features. Thus, other embodiments of the present inventionneed not include the device itself.

The foregoing description of various embodiments of the invention hasbeen presented for the purposes of illustration and description. It isnot intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the preciseform disclosed. Many modifications and variations are possible in lightof the above teaching. It is intended that the scope of the invention belimited not by this detailed description, but rather by the claimsappended hereto. The above specification, examples and data provide acomplete description of the manufacture and use of the composition ofthe invention. Since many embodiments of the invention can be madewithout departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, theinvention resides in the claims herein after appended.

What is claimed is:
 1. A computer program product comprising a computerreadable storage medium having program instructions executed by aprocessor to perform operations, the operations comprising: generating autilization histogram representing used and free blocks in a storagespace comprised of a plurality of storage devices in a storage systemfor placement of a storage volume to be stored across the storagedevices, wherein the utilization histogram is comprised of rows of usedand free blocks, each row has zero or more free blocks, and offsetlocations are assigned to the free blocks, wherein the storage volumecan be placed starting at offset locations, wherein the storage volumecomprises a plurality of blocks addressed by a range of addresses tostore data records from applications; for a plurality of possiblestarting offsets in the utilization histogram, determining a score forthe possible starting offsets based on goals to optimize utilization ofthe storage space, wherein optimizing utilization comprises placingcontiguous blocks of the storage volume at contiguous offsets of freeblocks represented in at least two different rows of the utilizationhistogram; selecting one of the possible starting offsets at which toplace the blocks of the storage volume having an optimal score; andinitiating volume placement at the selected possible starting offset. 2.The computer program product of claim 1, wherein the optimizingutilization includes at least one of: preventing peaks of storage blocksin the utilization histogram; reducing a number of edges between storageblocks in the utilization histogram; and filling a lowest unallocatedstorage space in the utilization histogram.
 3. The computer programproduct of claim 1, wherein the utilization histogram illustrates alogical allocation of previously allocated blocks within gaps.
 4. Thecomputer program product of claim 1, wherein an allocated storage spaceincludes at least one stripe having at least one allocated volume, theallocated volume being partitioned into data blocks.
 5. The computerprogram product of claim 1, wherein the operations further comprise:initiating volume placement at a selected offset location of the storagespace.
 6. A system for managing storage volumes of a storage system,comprising: a processor; and a computer readable storage mediumincluding program instructions executed by the processor to performoperations, the operations comprising: generating a utilizationhistogram representing used and free blocks in a storage space comprisedof a plurality of storage devices in the storage system for placement ofa storage volume to be stored across the storage devices, wherein theutilization histogram is comprised of rows of used and free blocks, eachrow has zero or more free blocks, and offset locations are assigned tothe free blocks, wherein the storage volume can be placed starting atthe offset locations, wherein the storage volume comprises a pluralityof blocks addressed by a range of addresses to store data records fromapplications; for a plurality of possible starting offsets in theutilization histogram, determining a score for the possible startingoffsets based on goals to optimize utilization of the storage space,wherein optimizing utilization comprises placing contiguous blocks ofthe storage volume at contiguous offsets of free blocks represented inat least two different rows of the utilization histogram; selecting oneof the possible starting offsets at which to place the blocks of thestorage volume having an optimal score; and initiating volume placementat the selected possible starting offset.
 7. The system of claim 6,wherein the optimizing utilization includes at least one of: preventingpeaks of storage blocks in the utilization histogram; reducing a numberof edges between storage blocks in the utilization histogram; andfilling a lowest unallocated storage space in the utilization histogram.8. The system of claim 6, wherein the utilization histogram illustratesa logical allocation of previously allocated blocks within gaps.
 9. Thesystem of claim 6, wherein an allocated storage space includes at leastone stripe having at least one allocated volume, the allocated volumebeing partitioned into data blocks.
 10. The system of claim 6, whereinthe operations further comprise: initiating volume placement at aselected offset location of the storage space.
 11. A method for managingstorage volumes of a storage system, comprising: generating autilization histogram representing used and free blocks in a storagespace comprised of a plurality of storage devices in the storage systemfor placement of a storage volume to be stored across the storagedevices, wherein the utilization histogram is comprised of rows of usedand free blocks, each row has zero or more free blocks, and offsetlocations are assigned to the free blocks, wherein the storage volumecan be placed starting at the offset locations, wherein the storagevolume comprises a plurality of blocks addressed by a range of addressesto store data records from applications; for a plurality of possiblestarting offsets in the utilization histogram, determining a score forthe possible starting offsets based on goals to optimize utilization ofthe storage space, wherein optimizing utilization comprises placingcontiguous blocks of the storage volume at contiguous offsets of freeblocks represented in at least two different rows of the utilizationhistogram; selecting one of the possible starting offsets at which toplace the blocks of the storage volume having an optimal score; andinitiating volume placement at the selected possible starting offset.12. The method of claim 11, wherein the optimizing utilization includesat least one of: preventing peaks of storage blocks in the utilizationhistogram; reducing a number of edges between storage blocks in theutilization histogram; and filling a lowest unallocated storage space inthe utilization histogram.
 13. The method of claim 12, wherein theutilization histogram illustrates a logical allocation of previouslyallocated blocks within gaps.
 14. The method of claim 11, wherein anallocated storage space includes at least one stripe having at least oneallocated volume, the allocated volume being partitioned into datablocks.
 15. The method of claim 11, further comprising: initiatingvolume placement at a selected offset location of the storage space. 16.The computer program product of claim 1, wherein the storage volumecomprises thousands of blocks and is at least ten gigabytes in size. 17.The computer program product of claim 1, wherein the optimizingutilization analyzes a number of gaps that would form by placing thestorage volume at the offset locations to select one of the offsetlocations as the selected possible starting offset that minimizes thenumber of gaps formed by placing the storage volume at the selectedoffset location.
 18. The system of claim 6, wherein the storage volumecomprises thousands of blocks and is at least ten gigabytes in size. 19.The system of claim 6, wherein the optimizing utilization analyzes anumber of gaps that would form by placing the storage volume at theoffset locations to select one of the offset locations as the selectedpossible starting offset that minimizes the number of gaps formed byplacing the storage volume at the selected offset location.
 20. Themethod of claim 11, wherein the storage volume comprises thousands ofblocks and is at least ten gigabytes in size.
 21. The method of claim11, wherein the optimizing utilization analyzes a number of gaps thatwould form by placing the storage volume at the offset locations toselect one of the offset locations as the selected possible startingoffset that minimizes the number of gaps formed by placing the storagevolume at the selected offset location.